An Analysis of Challenges and Strategies for Inclusive Education in Primary Schools

Articles in Press

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Tabriz university

2 Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.

10.22108/nea.2026.148762.2214

Abstract

The realization of educational equity in primary education requires the institutionalization of inclusive education. This study aimed to identify the challenges and strategies of inclusive education at the primary level. It employed a qualitative approach using Roberts’ six-step synthesis method. The data set included relevant national and peer-reviewed international studies published between 2013 and 2025. Through purposive sampling, 28 studies were selected based on relevance and their focus on primary education, while studies with low methodological rigor or insufficient reporting were excluded. Data were analyzed using open and axial coding. Content validity was confirmed by experts, and reliability was assessed through independent double coding; Cohen’s kappa (0.74) indicated acceptable inter-rater agreement. Findings revealed that effective implementation of inclusive education is not the result of fragmented interventions but requires a systemic transformation across five domains: policy and governance, infrastructure, human resources, curriculum and instruction, and cultural context. The proposed framework synthesizes key challenges and corresponding strategies, providing a robust evidence base for policymakers and curriculum planners.

Keywords

New Educational Approaches  

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 31 August 2026

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